Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Notes

Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Notes
Carbon and Its Compounds Class 10 Notes

1. Introduction to Carbon

  • Elemental Form: Carbon is a non-metal with the symbol C and atomic number 6.
  • Occurrence: It is found in nature in both free (e.g., diamond, graphite) and combined states (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons).
  • Versatility: Carbon forms a large number of compounds due to its unique properties.

2. Unique Properties of Carbon

  • Catenation: Carbon can form long chains or rings by bonding with other carbon atoms.
  • Tetravalency: Carbon has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form 4 covalent bonds.
  • Multiple Bonding: Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms.
  • Isomerism: Carbon compounds can exist in different structural forms with the same molecular formula.

3. Allotropes of Carbon

Allotropes are different forms of the same element with varying physical properties.

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  • Diamond:
  • Hardest natural substance.
  • Each carbon atom is bonded to 4 other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral structure.
  • Poor conductor of electricity.
  • Graphite:
  • Soft and slippery.
  • Each carbon atom is bonded to 3 others, forming hexagonal layers.
  • Good conductor of electricity.
  • Fullerenes:
  • Spherical or cylindrical structures (e.g., C60, Buckminsterfullerene).
  • Used in nanotechnology and medicine.

4. Covalent Bonding in Carbon Compounds

  • Covalent Bond: Formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
  • Types of Covalent Bonds:
  • Single Bond (C-C)
  • Double Bond (C=C)
  • Triple Bond (C≡C)
  • Examples:
  • Methane (CH₄): Single bonds.
  • Ethene (C₂H₄): Double bond.
  • Ethyne (C₂H₂): Triple bond.

5. Hydrocarbons

Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

  • Types:
  • Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes):
    • Single bonds between carbon atoms.
    • General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
    • Example: Methane (CH₄), Ethane (C₂H₆).
  • Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
    • Alkenes: Contain at least one double bond. General formula: CₙH₂ₙ. Example: Ethene (C₂H₄).
    • Alkynes: Contain at least one triple bond. General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₋₂. Example: Ethyne (C₂H₂).

6. Functional Groups

A group of atoms that determine the chemical properties of a compound.

  • Common Functional Groups:
  • Alcohol (-OH): Example: Ethanol (C₂H₅OH).
  • Aldehyde (-CHO): Example: Ethanal (CH₃CHO).
  • Carboxylic Acid (-COOH): Example: Acetic Acid (CH₃COOH).
  • Ketone (-CO-): Example: Acetone (CH₃COCH₃).
  • Haloalkane (-X): Example: Chloromethane (CH₃Cl).

7. Homologous Series

A series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.

  • Characteristics:
  • Same general formula.
  • Gradual change in physical properties.
  • Similar chemical reactions.
  • Example: Alkanes (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂), Alcohols (CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH).

8. Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

  • Combustion:
  • Hydrocarbons burn in oxygen to produce CO₂, H₂O, and energy.
  • Example: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + Energy.
  • Oxidation:
  • Alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes or carboxylic acids.
  • Example: Ethanol → Ethanal → Acetic Acid.
  • Addition Reaction:
  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes) add hydrogen or halogens.
  • Example: C₂H₄ + H₂ → C₂H₆.
  • Substitution Reaction:
  • Hydrogen atoms in alkanes are replaced by other atoms.
  • Example: CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl.

9. Important Carbon Compounds

  • Ethanol (C₂H₅OH):
  • Used in alcoholic beverages, solvents, and fuels.
  • Reacts with sodium to release hydrogen gas.
  • Ethanoic Acid (CH₃COOH):
  • Commonly known as acetic acid.
  • Used in vinegar and as a preservative.
  • Reacts with bases to form salts (e.g., sodium acetate).

10. Soaps and Detergents

  • Soap:
  • Sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids.
  • Cleansing action due to micelle formation.
  • Detergents:
  • Synthetic cleansing agents.
  • Effective in hard water.

11. Environmental Impact

  • Carbon Cycle: Movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, and living organisms.
  • Greenhouse Effect: CO₂ and other gases trap heat, leading to global warming.
  • Air Pollution: Combustion of fossil fuels releases CO₂, CO, and other pollutants.

12. Summary

  • Carbon forms a vast number of compounds due to catenation and tetravalency.
  • Hydrocarbons are classified into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
  • Functional groups determine the properties of organic compounds.
  • Carbon compounds play a vital role in daily life and the environment.

These notes provide a comprehensive overview of the Carbon and Its Compounds chapter for Class 10. Let me know if you need further clarification!

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